FEVER (PYREXIA)

Fever is the one of the most common medical signs charactrized by elevation ot body temperature above the normal range of 36.5 to 37.5(due to an increase in the temperature regulatory set point).

Fever is a common symptom of many disease conditions

INFECTIOUS DISEASES like influenza,HIV,malaria
Inflammatory bowel diseases(a group of inflammatory condition of colon and small intestine)

SKIN DISEASES:
Boils and Abscess.

IMMUNOLAGICAL DISEASES:
Sarcoidosis (Disease in which abnormal collection of chronic inflammatory cells)
Kawasaki disease (It is a auto immune disease in which the medium shaped blood vessels throughout the body become inflammed below 5 yrs old children)

Tissue destruction- Crush syndrome:it is characterised by major shock and renal failure after a crushing injury to the skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyolysis:it is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly and break down product released into blood.

Cancer-Renal cancer and leukemia.
And it also A IMMUNRESPONSE OF OUR BODY

Temperature Classification
    Hypothermia        <35.0 °C (95.0 °F)
    Normal                  36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
    Fever                  > 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)
    Hyperthermia      > 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)
    Hyperpyrexia      > 40.0–41.5 °C (104–106.7 °F)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Temperature is ultimately regulated by hypothalamus.A trigger if fever called pyrogens causes a release of prostaglandin E2(PG E2),then it acts on hypothalamus which generate a systemic response back to the rest of the body,causing heat creating effect to match a new temperature level.Hypothalamus work as a thermostat.
MEDICATIONS
Medication that lower fever are called ANTI-PYRETICS.
The antipyretic Ibuprofen is effective in reducing fever in children.
it is more effective than acetaminophen(paracetamol)
In children Ibuprofen and acetaminophen may be safely usede together to treat fever.
Ibuprofen is also superior to Aspirin in children with fever.
But now a days,Aspirin is not used because main adverse drug reactions associated with aspirin is REYES SYNDROME(it is a potentially fatal disease mainly affect brain and liver.It also cause hypoglycemia and fatty liver disease.

MIGRAINE-The Chronic headaches

It is a chronic disease characterized by moderate to severe headaches. The word derived from greek (hemikrania), means pain on oneside of the head.

Typically the pain is unilateral(affecting one half of the head)it lasts from 2 to 72 hours.

MAIN SYMPTOMS : 
Headache 
Nauzea 
Vomitting 
Photophobia
Phonophobia
Depression&anxiety

 



MAIN TRIGGERS OF MIGRAINE:

Stress & Depression
Allergy
Hormonal changes in Menses & pregnancy
Exercise & Missed meal
Changes in sleep patterns

Smoking or over expouse to smoke 

Food that contains monosodium glutamate

Chocolates,nuts,&onions
Drugs like cocaine,Ethinyl estradiol,Hormone replacement therapy etc.
Hypoglycemia

 





TREATMENTS:
There is no specific care for migraine headaches but some drugs are used for migraine

(1) anti-depressants such as amitriphyline or ventafaxine

(2)b p medicines such as beta blockers(propanolol) or calcium channel blockers (verapamil)

(3)mild migraine such as
 acetaminophen(paracetamol) - 650 mg at onset repeat as needed
lbuprofen - 400 to 600 mg at onset repeat in 1-2 Hr
aspirin - 650 mg at onset repeat as needed
(4)anti-emetic drugs

(5)narcotic pain relievers
(6)NSAIDs: 
Diclofenac-50 to 100 mg/day
Ketorolac-15 to 60 mg/day
Naproxen-750 mg at onset